Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. Anyone can develop epilepsy, and it affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and ages.
Epilepsy is characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures—events of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in attention or behavior. These seizures may vary in presentation, from brief lapses of attention or muscle jerks to severe and prolonged convulsions. The nature of seizures depends on the part of the brain in which the disruption of electrical activity occurs.
Causes
The causes of epilepsy include:
- Genetic influence: Some types of epilepsy, which are categorized by the type of seizure or the part of the brain that is affected, run in families. In these cases, there’s likely a genetic influence.
- Head trauma: This can result from a car accident or other traumatic injury.
- Brain conditions: Conditions that cause damage to the brain, such as brain tumors or strokes, can cause epilepsy. Stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy in adults older than age 35.
- Infectious diseases: Meningitis, AIDS, and viral encephalitis can cause epilepsy.
- Prenatal injury: Before birth, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors, such as an infection in the mother, poor nutrition, or oxygen deficiencies. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy.
- Developmental disorders: Epilepsy can sometimes be associated with developmental disorders, such as autism and neurofibromatosis.
Symptoms
The main symptom of epilepsy is repeated seizures. However, the symptoms during a seizure can vary significantly and may include:
- Temporary confusion
- A staring spell
- Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
- Loss of consciousness or awareness
- Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety, or deja vu
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing epilepsy involves several tests to monitor brain activity and to determine the cause of seizures. These tests can include:
- Neurological examination: To assess behavior, motor abilities, mental function, and other areas to diagnose the condition and determine the type of epilepsy.
- Blood tests: To check for signs of infections, genetic conditions, or other conditions that may be associated with seizures.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): The most common test used in diagnosing epilepsy, which tracks electrical activity in the brain.
- Imaging tests: Such as MRI or CT scans to look for abnormalities in the brain.
Treatment for epilepsy includes medications, which can control seizures in about 70% of patients. For those who don’t respond to medication, other treatments may be considered, such as surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, or deep brain stimulation, depending on the type of epilepsy and other factors.
Living with epilepsy can be challenging, but with proper treatment and support, many people with epilepsy can lead normal, healthy lives. Individuals with epilepsy need to work closely with a healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively.
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